Mechanical and fracture investigation of magnesia refractories with acoustic emission-based method

In this study, the fracture behaviour of magnesia, magnesia chrome and magnesia spinel (MgAl₂O₄ and FeAl₂O₄) refractories under wedge splitting test are qualitatively and quantitatively investigated with the acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC). First of all, the concepts of characteristic widths are proposed for estimating the brittleness of refractory materials according to the shape of load-displacement curve and validated by their good correlation with the characteristic length. Besides, the AE data are analyzed with AE parameter-based approaches and offer new insight into the fracture behaviour of refractory materials, including the classification of the cracking events in grains and in matrix, the distinction between the tensile mode and shear mode damage, and the visualization of the fracture process zone development. It confirms that the pre-existing micro-crack networks in refractories are favourable for the brittleness reduction, which enhance their nonlinear fracture behaviour and thermal shock resistance.     

A system for time-fluctuating flow rate measurements in a single-blade pump circuit

Commonly used flow rate measurement systems provide an accurate and stable output value of the quasi-stationary flow rate. In some pump types as e.g. single-blade pumps significant flow rate fluctuations may occur even in steady operation points due to rotor-stator interaction. For the analysis of the time-resolved flow rate a new measurement and evaluation method is presented based on an electromagnetic flow meter. Internal averaging of the flow meter is deactivated and the raw signal is evaluated directly with a sampling rate of 3 kHz. With ensemble-averaging in combination with an impeller position detection, interfering signals acting on the time-resolved measurement signal are filtered out. Accompanying numerical simulations of the pump flow circuit are carried out with a 1D method of characteristics and validated against well-established time-resolved pressure measurements of the pump flow. Experiment and simulation show a resembling trend of pressure as well as flow rate fluctuations over the entire operation range of the pump. Thus, by the combined utilisation of measurement and simulation technique, we assure the validity of the ensemble-averaged flow rate fluctuation results. We find that the flow rate fluctuations show a consistent phase shift to the pressure fluctuations that increases towards overload. The flow rate amplitude is an order of magnitude smaller than the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations.     

Numerical modeling of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator in a spar‐type floating wind turbine considering fault conditions and their effects on global dynamic responses

This paper deals with numerical modeling of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator and its effect on the dynamic responses of a floating spar‐type wind turbine under valve fault conditions. A spar‐type floating wind turbine concept is modeled and simulated using an aero‐hydro‐servo‐elastic simulation tool (Simo‐Riflex [SR]). Because the blade pitch system has the highest failure rate, a numerical model of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator with/without valve faults is developed and linked to SR to study the effects of faults on global responses of the spar‐type floating wind turbine for different faults, fault magnitudes, and environmental conditions. The consequence of valve faults in the pitch actuator is that the blade cannot be pitched to the desired angle, so there may be a delay in the response due to excessive friction and the wrong voltage, or slit lock may cause runaway blade pitch. A short circuit may cause the blade to get stuck at a particular pitch angle. These faults contribute to rotor imbalance, which result in different effects on the turbine structure and the platform motions. The proposed method for combining global and hydraulic actuator models is demonstrated in case studies with stochastic wind and wave conditions and different types of valve faults.     

Morondava盆地西部侏罗纪断陷盆地构造特征

系统分析了Morondava盆地西部侏罗纪断陷盆地构造特征,实可分为东部断陷带、中部断裂构造带和西部侏罗系残留斜坡带,可能存在有断鼻型、背斜型、地层剥蚀尖灭型、断块型、古潜山及岩性圈闭。     

低阶煤热解条件对高炉喷吹半焦燃烧性能及动力学特性的影响

采用热重分析法研究了不同热解条件下半焦的燃烧性能和动力学特征，利用Ozawa法求取动力学参数。结果表明，热解温度越低、保温时间越短时，半焦的燃烧性能越好；热解升温速率对半焦燃烧过程的反应程度影响不大；粒度越大，燃烧性能差异性越明显。热解温度对半焦燃烧性能影响较大，550℃是本研究中制备高燃烧反应性半焦的适宜热解温度。两种不同粒度原煤制得的半焦均随转化率增大，活化能减小。1~3 mm原煤在热解温度为550℃时所得半焦在燃烧过程中符合反应级数模型，化学反应为限制性环节，反应最概然机理函数为f(α)=(1–α)2。     

内蒙古石灰窑沟铁矿地质特征及找矿标志

石灰窑沟铁矿区位于赤峰市北西约80 km处，地处西拉木伦多金属成矿带的南侧，区域位于内蒙古地轴东段与内蒙海西褶皱带接触带，Ⅲ级构造单元为云雾山隆起的北东端和赤峰—铭山大断裂2条构造单元的分界线处，本矿床围岩蚀变具有分带性，是一个受断裂和褶皱复合控制的矽卡岩型矿床。为探讨该矿区的地质特征及找矿标志，通过近几年对本区地质勘查工作的总结分析，认为该矿床为矽卡岩型矿床，围绕构造发育部位，岩体与地层接触带及附近且与高精度磁测异常套合区是主要的找矿标志。     

煤与不同原料重整气化制甲醇对CO2排放的影响

通过介绍煤制甲醇对整个煤化工行业CO2排放的影响,选择以煤制甲醇工艺CO2排放为研究对象,分别叙述了煤气化制合成气,煤与天然气、煤与焦炉气以及煤与重质油重整气化制合成气联合生产甲醇过程中,吨甲醇产品工艺CO2排放情况,探讨不同煤气化形式对工艺CO2排放的影响因素,为如何通过气化工艺选型,降低煤制甲醇生产过程中工艺CO2排放量提供理论判断依据。     

Numerical analysis on combustion process and sodium transformation behavior in a 660 MW supercritical face-fired boiler purely burning high sodium content Zhundong coal

CHEMKIN software was used to optimize the reaction mechanism of sodium in flue gas to study the influence of targeted design for purely burning Zhundong (ZD) coal on boiler characteristics. Then, the optimized 32-step elemental reaction was combined with CFD software. An eddy-dissipation concept model considering detailed chemical reactions was used to simulate the transformation behavior of sodium-containing substances. The combustion characteristics of the 660 MW face-fired boiler under various loads were also simulated. The field distribution in the furnace and the migration path of sodium along the track of pulverized coal particles were obtained. The results show that the interference between each burner in the furnace is small at the BMCR load, and the phenomenon of “wind wrapping fire” is distinctly clear. The temperature at furnace outlet is approximately 970.98 °C. At a low load, the combustion in the furnace is stable, and the temperature at the furnace outlet reaches the design value. The sodium present in ZD coal is involved in the reaction after it is released in the form of Na and NaCl. Sodium is present in different forms in the main burner zone, mainly NaCl (67%), NaOH (12%), Na (9%), and Na₂SO₄ (7%). The forms of sodium at the furnace outlet are NaCl (50%), Na₂SO₄ (37%), Na₂Cl₂ (9%) and NaHSO₄ (4%). A small amount of Na₂SO₄ is formed by NaHSO₄ reaction in the main burner zone. It then reacts to form NaSO₄, wherein NaHSO₄ is formed by path 2. Na₂SO₄ is mainly generated in the burnout zone through path 1, and paths 2, 3, and 4 are hardly observed. The findings of this research can provide reference for the design of a purely fired ZD coal boiler and further studies on slagging observed on the heating surface.     

助燃空气对乙烯裂解炉NOx排放的影响

乙烯裂解炉内复杂物理化学过程耦合模拟与优化能够满足乙烯装置对高效率、低污染和低成本的设计和操作要求，对提高乙烯工业的竞争力具有重要意义。针对简单燃烧机理难以准确预测炉膛燃烧生成NO_x浓度分布的弊端，提出了在裂解炉使用更准确的简化GRI-Mesh 3.0机理结合涡耗散概念(EDC)模型的方法，并对Sandia Flame D的燃烧过程进行计算流体力学(CFD)模拟，验证了此耦合模型的可靠性。在已建立的燃烧模型的基础上，研究了助燃空气对降低裂解炉NO排放的影响，结果表明：在满足裂解炉热效率的情况下，空气预热温度为300~600 K、过量空气系数为1.1时降低NO的效果最佳。     

节能减排的颜料印染与助剂(一)

颜料印染对当前印染行业节能减排,降低能耗很有意义,但要做到对纤维没有亲和力的颜料印染,必需制备润湿性、分散性良好的超细颜料粒子。重点阐述利用各种表面活性剂和助剂制备出一种包覆阴离子的超细粒子的稳定分散液,包括各种润湿剂、分散剂、黏合剂和纤维阳离子改性剂,还概述了相关基础理论。